TL;DR
* Japan’s JFTC increasingly uses UPP/GUPPI to gauge unilateral price-rise incentives when rivals merge.
* High diversion ratios + high margins → large GUPPI; 5 % often triggers deeper review.
* Reliable inputs—prices, margins, diversion—are critical; efficiencies can offset pressure in a full UPP.
* These tools complement, not replace, market-definition,